Smart infrastructure projects succeed when cities, agencies, and private partners work together effectively. This article examines real-world examples of collaboration—from Singapore’s policy alignment to Barcelona’s early partnerships—and includes insights from experts who have built these systems. Each case reveals specific strategies that organizations use to coordinate data, align incentives, and deliver measurable outcomes.
- Survey Hub Connects Landowner, Engineer, and Lender
- Common Schema Harmonizes Border Operations
- Standard Framework Guides Child-Centered Services
- Cyber Playbook Unifies City and Safety Agencies
- Point-of-Care Network Unites Care Staff
- GPU Ecosystem Converges Incentives for Growth
- Bristol Builds Shared Ownership Across Partners
- Central Leave System Clarifies Roles and Actions
- Cross-Agency Data Share Boosts Traffic Response
- AI Reputation Coalition Counters Misinformation at Scale
- Singapore Aligns Policy, Industry, and Talent
- Timed Gate Releases Enable Port Coordination
- Integrated Platform Turns Agencies Into One Unit
- Cozumel Coordinates Streetlight Repairs With Community
- Single Owner and Rhythm Speed Joint Delivery
- Digital Deal Flow Rallies Real Estate Players
- Nighttime Safety Brief Binds Design and Community
- Unified Benefits View Bridges Employer and Carrier
- Park Portal Links Cities, Operators, and Users
- Clinic Team Explains Trade-Offs for Outcomes
- Barcelona Partners Early to Forge Trust
Survey Hub Connects Landowner, Engineer, and Lender
One project that stands out for us at Southpoint Texas Surveying was a topographic and boundary survey we performed for a mixed-use development on the outskirts of Harlingen. It wasn’t “smart infrastructure” in the futuristic sense, but the way data flowed between stakeholders made it feel that way. The collaboration came down to getting the right information into the right hands at the right time, and our survey deliverables were the connective tissue.
The key players were the property owner, a civil engineering firm handling drainage and site design, the general contractor preparing for construction layout, the lender requiring an ALTA/NSPS Land Title Survey before closing, and the title company clearing exceptions. Each one needed something slightly different from the same piece of ground.
Our role was to produce a single source of truth. We used GPS technology alongside conventional total station work to capture accurate topographic data, then layered in the boundary and easement research for the ALTA. The engineer pulled our topo into their design software. The contractor used our as-built and layout points to stake foundations. The lender and title company relied on the ALTA to confirm encroachments and easements before funding.
What made it work was clear communication about tradeoffs. When the engineer wanted tighter contour intervals, we explained what that meant for field time and cost so the owner could decide. When the title company flagged a questionable easement, we walked everyone through what our research showed versus what was recorded.
That’s how we think about collaboration, whether the project is a single lot in Brownsville or a larger development across South Texas. Smart infrastructure starts with reliable measurements and honest conversation. If the survey is wrong, every downstream decision inherits that error, so we treat our deliverables as something the whole team has to be able to trust.

Common Schema Harmonizes Border Operations
Smart infrastructure succeeds when a unified data architecture acts as a neutral arbiter, rather than forcing a monolithic platform on disparate stakeholders. In my experience designing logistics and transit networks, the core challenge is rarely sensor placement or cloud architecture—it is the misalignment of incentives among entities operating in historical silos.
I recently oversaw a project to digitize cross-border supply chain movements, involving local port authorities, international freight forwarders, and customs compliance offices. Each participant managed their own legacy databases and distinct compliance requirements, a friction point that typically leads to administrative deadlock. Rather than forcing these groups to abandon their proprietary software, we implemented a distributed data layer that required standardized input at every transit node. This created a single source of truth for shipment status and regulatory documentation.
Collaboration became a technical necessity: no stakeholder could move forward without verifiable data from the preceding actor. By eliminating the administrative gaps that cause finger-pointing at borders, the system fostered a shared operational reality that was previously impossible. Smart infrastructure is ultimately an exercise in coordination, not just engineering. If the underlying architecture fails to provide visibility and shared accountability, adding automated analytics only accelerates the speed at which errors propagate. The goal is to align incentives through transparency so the technology becomes a passive facilitator of trust. When stakeholders can verify the state of a process in real time, the technology effectively disappears, leaving collaboration as the system’s primary output.

Standard Framework Guides Child-Centered Services
Smart infrastructure isn’t our daily language at Sunny Glen, but collaboration absolutely is, and the principles travel. The clearest example I can share is how we coordinate wraparound care for a child entering our residential program in San Benito. That single placement is, in its own way, a “smart infrastructure” project: multiple systems, shared data, and a real-time feedback loop built around one child.
The key players sit at very different tables. You’ve got the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services caseworker who holds the legal picture. You’ve got our residential staff who manage daily life, school transportation, and routines. The Poenisch Counseling Center team handles the emotional and trauma-informed piece. Our Supervised Independent Living staff at the Allen House get looped in early when a youth is approaching 18, so the handoff isn’t a cliff. Schools in the Rio Grande Valley, medical providers, faith partners, donors funding the bed, and biological or build families round it out.
What makes it actually work is the shared scaffolding underneath: a CARF-accredited framework that forces us to document, measure, and review outcomes the same way every time. That’s our version of a connected system. Everyone is reading from the same case notes, the same treatment goals, the same incident logs. When one stakeholder updates something, the others see it and adjust.
The lesson I’d offer any smart infrastructure team is this: technology only fosters collaboration when the humans already trust the process. We’ve been refining that process for over 90 years and across more than 25,000 children. Pick your stakeholders early, define who owns which decision, and build one source of truth everyone can see. The “smart” part is cheap compared to the trust part, and the trust part is where projects quietly succeed or quietly fail.

Cyber Playbook Unifies City and Safety Agencies
One clear example I described after the St. Paul breach was a prioritized smart infrastructure effort centered on segmentation and resilient backups that united multiple stakeholders. That project brought city IT together with public safety teams like 911/PSAP and emergency operations, finance owners of critical services, vendor partners who supplied grant-funded tools, and a co-managed regional SOC for monitoring. We organized work into a 0–90 day sequence: stop the bleeding with phishing-resistant MFA and asset inventory, build guardrails with conditional access and centralized logging, then harden vendor access and tested restores. This focused, time-bound approach clarified responsibilities, accelerated decisions, and improved segmentation, backup resilience, and overall incident readiness.

Point-of-Care Network Unites Care Staff
Smart infrastructure isn’t transportation in the traditional sense for us, but at A-S Medication Solutions, we run something closely related: a nationwide point-of-care medication dispensing network that ties together physicians, pharmacy operations, automated dispensing technology, and regulators across all 50 states. The closest parallel I can share is how we built out a connected dispensing program for a multi-site clinic group, because it required the same kind of stakeholder choreography a smart infrastructure project demands.
The key players looked like this. On the clinical side, we had the physicians and clinic administrators who needed medications handed directly to patients at the appointment to improve adherence. On our side, the integrated pharmacy solutions team mapped formularies, the prepackaged medications group handled labeling and unit-of-use packaging, and our compliance team coordinated with the FDA, DEA, and state boards of pharmacy since we’re VAWD accredited by NABP and licensed nationwide. IT stakeholders connected the dispensing cabinets and inventory systems back to the clinic’s workflow. Finally, the patients themselves were the end users we designed around.
What made it click was treating communication as the infrastructure. We hosted weekly working sessions where clinical staff, our pharmacy operators, and the technology vendors could surface tradeoffs in real time, things like cabinet footprint versus drug variety, or refill cadence versus storage cost. When resources got tight, we prioritized the SKUs tied to the highest-adherence-impact conditions first and phased the rest.
The lesson I’d pass along to anyone running a smart infrastructure rollout: name a single coordinator who owns the cross-stakeholder calendar, document every decision in plain language, and revisit assumptions quarterly. Trust gets built through clear, repeatable communication, not through the technology itself. The automation reduces human error, but the collaboration is what makes the network actually work for patients.

GPU Ecosystem Converges Incentives for Growth
I’m Runbo Li, Co-founder & CEO at Magic Hour.
The best example I can point to is what happened when we got into Y Combinator’s W24 batch. YC itself is an infrastructure project for startups, but the real collaboration story is what happened around our GPU compute needs.
When we were scaling Magic Hour, we needed serious GPU infrastructure to render AI videos at the speed our users demanded. We were a two-person team trying to serve millions of users. The key players ended up being us, our cloud GPU providers, and open-source model developers like the teams behind Stable Diffusion and later video diffusion models. None of these groups sat in the same room or reported to the same boss, but the infrastructure created natural collaboration.
The open-source community would release a new model. We’d immediately build templates on top of it. Our GPU provider would work with us on pricing structures that made it viable to offer these tools to everyday creators, not just enterprise clients. YC connected us with other founders solving adjacent problems, so we could share learnings on inference optimization in real time.
What made it work was that the infrastructure, both technical and social, aligned incentives without requiring a top-down mandate. The model developers wanted distribution. We wanted cutting-edge capabilities. The compute providers wanted volume. YC wanted its companies to grow fast. Everyone won by doing what they were already motivated to do.
That’s the pattern I see in every smart infrastructure project. You don’t need to force collaboration. You need to build the rails where self-interest naturally converges. The collaboration emerges because the system makes cooperation the path of least resistance, not because someone scheduled a “synergy meeting.”

Bristol Builds Shared Ownership Across Partners
A notable example of this initiative is Bristol is Open, where Bristol City Council collaborated with the University of Bristol and other businesses (including NEC) to leverage the data, sensors and connectivity of the city in order to test and develop solutions in respect to traffic, air quality and public service use. The stakeholder groups involved in this project were: local government, university researchers, private technology partners and residents who are using the services provided by the partnership.
The critical success factor in this project was that they established a culture of shared ownership within the partnership. The City contributed to the partnership with the infrastructure and needs of the public; the University contributed the research capabilities; and the private partners contributed technology solutions. Each partner’s contribution provided a foundation to ensure that this project did not become “technology for technology’s sake”. By tying the smart infrastructure to very tangible challenges facing the citizens of Bristol — such as road congestion and air pollution — this gave the initiative meaning.

Central Leave System Clarifies Roles and Actions
One example of a smart infrastructure project fostering collaboration between different stakeholders is when we supported a large employer moving from manual leave tracking to a centralized, automated leave management system. The key players were HR, legal, payroll, IT, managers, and employees, and each group had a different concern: compliance, data accuracy, system security, staffing coverage, and employee privacy.
What made the project successful was not just the technology, but the shared workflow it created. I remember one rollout where managers were used to emailing HR for updates, payroll had separate spreadsheets, and legal only got involved when something went wrong. Once the system gave each stakeholder the right level of visibility, the conversations changed from “Who has the latest file?” to “What action needs to happen next?” That reduced confusion and helped everyone make faster, more consistent decisions.
The lesson is that smart infrastructure should not be built around one department’s needs. It should connect the people who are already part of the process and give them a common source of truth. When stakeholders can see their role clearly, collaboration becomes much easier.

Cross-Agency Data Share Boosts Traffic Response
One of the best examples is a smart traffic management project where the real innovation wasn’t the technology. It was getting a bunch of groups that don’t normally work closely together to share data and align around the same goal.
The key players included city transportation departments, public safety agencies, emergency responders, technology providers, and local community leaders. Traffic sensors, connected signals, and real-time monitoring systems generated valuable data, but the real breakthrough came when that information was shared across departments instead of living in separate silos.
For example, emergency responders could receive better routing information during incidents, transportation teams could adjust traffic patterns in real time, and city planners could use the data to identify long-term safety improvements. Community stakeholders also had a voice in identifying problem areas and evaluating outcomes.
The lesson is that smart infrastructure projects succeed when they’re treated as collaboration projects rather than technology projects. The sensors, software, and analytics matter, but the biggest gains often come from helping different groups make better decisions using the same information. That’s when infrastructure starts getting smarter and communities start working better together.

AI Reputation Coalition Counters Misinformation at Scale
In the world of smart infrastructure, the digital reputation of a rollout is just as important as the physical plan itself. The “invisible stakeholder” that transit planners must now manage includes the multitude of AI ecosystem players (e.g., ChatGPT, Perplexity, and more) that constantly update their understanding based on new input, shaping public and political opinion.
One great example of stakeholder collaboration I’ve seen firsthand was during the rollout of a regional smart transit corridor. Initially, the rollout was subject to bot-driven controversy, fueled by privacy concerns about the sensors that automated ticketing — concerns that were hyperbolized by lies and misinformation. Because answering engines continuously scrape content from the web and feed that into perpetuity, negative criticism continues to be regurgitated even if the source disappears. McKinsey’s recent review of major capital projects highlights that anti-project sentiment and opposition are a direct cause of >40% of delay in critical infrastructure rollouts, which are hyperscaled in the age of AI.
In this case, a quick collaboration was born between 3 major players — the transit rollout teams themselves, who were the source of technical truth, the municipal comms team who had to manage the PR, and finally an outside GenAI Engine Optimization (GEO) consultancy. Using continuous AI monitoring as their common ground, they would test statements from the AI platforms about the corridor project and identify which prompts generated false signals. They then worked collectively to execute the “Narrative Training” approach described in the book, where the tech teams fed in detailed specs, and the digital teams SEO’d this with long tail context like “automated transit data privacy protocols” and got this published across news, blogs, and forums of relevance.
This cross-functionally aligned coalition ensured that the AI systems then learned to recognize expertise within the project rollout instead of the bot-generated noise. By constantly operating across the AI feedback loops, this collaborative group was able to reduce inaccurate negative AI sentiment outputs regarding the corridor project from 68% to <12% in just a few months (4 months). As a takeaway for transit project rollout managers, you should understand the imperative of creating this proactive coordinated alignment in training the AI systems with accurate and relevant data about your project.

Singapore Aligns Policy, Industry, and Talent
One strong example is Singapore’s Smart Nation initiative, particularly the deployment of intelligent transportation systems and urban mobility infrastructure. The project brought together government agencies, technology providers, telecom companies, urban planners, and educational institutions to create a connected ecosystem rather than isolated upgrades. Agencies like Singapore’s Land Transport Authority collaborated closely with firms such as ST Engineering and global cloud and IoT providers to integrate real-time traffic analytics, smart sensors, and predictive maintenance systems across the city.
What made the initiative successful was the alignment between public policy, private-sector innovation, and workforce readiness. According to McKinsey, smart city technologies could improve key quality-of-life indicators by 10-30%, but collaboration across sectors remains the biggest differentiator between pilot programs and scalable impact. In large infrastructure transformations, technology alone rarely solves the challenge. Shared data standards, continuous stakeholder communication, and coordinated training programs often determine whether implementation succeeds at scale. From a workforce perspective, collaborative upskilling across engineering, operations, and digital teams played a critical role in ensuring long-term adoption rather than short-term deployment.

Timed Gate Releases Enable Port Coordination
We led a port access improvement project that used smart gate sequencing and traffic flow monitoring to reduce truck queues near industrial corridors. The main value was not only faster entry but also better coordination across all groups. We brought together port leaders, drayage fleet managers, city traffic teams, warehouse operators, and law enforcement.
Before this effort, each group worked on its own and drivers faced delays and safety risks. We created a shared system to track queue length and idle time. We also monitored missed appointment windows and unsafe roadside staging issues. Warehouse teams improved dock readiness and adjusted their schedules. Port staff changed gate release patterns and traffic engineers updated signals on feeder roads.

Integrated Platform Turns Agencies Into One Unit
Caveat: I’m a UK marketing-agency founder rather than a smart-infrastructure operator, but my agency has supported tech-sector clients adjacent to smart-cities and IoT, which gives me observational view of collaboration patterns. A smart infrastructure project that fostered cross-stakeholder collaboration:
The example: the Bristol Operations Centre, a smart-city project in the UK that consolidated traffic management, public transport coordination, emergency services dispatch, and environmental monitoring into a shared operational platform serving multiple agencies simultaneously.
The mechanic. Pre-implementation, the agencies operating in Bristol—traffic, transport, fire and rescue, ambulance, environment—each ran their own monitoring and dispatch systems. Information that one agency held wasn’t visible to others unless requested formally. The result: response coordination during incidents was slow because each agency had to pull information from its peers via phone or email under time pressure. Decisions that needed combined information were made on partial information because the combination wasn’t accessible in the moment.
Why this is genuinely collaborative rather than just shared technology. The platform changed organisational behaviour. Agencies that previously operated in parallel began to operate jointly because the technology made joint operation easier than parallel operation. Cultural shifts followed the technical shift—joint training, joint planning, joint after-action reviews.
The wider lesson for smart infrastructure projects. The collaboration benefit comes from designing the platform to be inherently multi-stakeholder rather than retrofitting collaboration onto a single-agency system. Multi-stakeholder design is harder upfront but produces compounding benefits the single-stakeholder approach can’t replicate.
The single principle. Smart infrastructure projects produce collaboration when they’re built for it from day one. The technology is the easier part; the organisational design is what determines whether collaboration actually happens.

Cozumel Coordinates Streetlight Repairs With Community
In Cozumel, a smart LED streetlighting project in the city provided an opportunity for the city’s employees, the maintenance department, and businesses (such as Stingray Villa) to work together to monitor the lights and make repairs. Motion sensors were integrated into the system, allowing remote monitoring. City maintenance personnel worked closely with other city departments to resolve issues with streetlights that failed. Residents and businesses reported areas where it was difficult to see at night and how they felt about nighttime walking conditions. This allowed the city to prioritize what needed repair. The overall effect of this collaborative process was quicker maintenance responses and a more comfortable experience for residents and their guests/neighbors at night.

Single Owner and Rhythm Speed Joint Delivery
My vantage is venture building and technology partnerships rather than civic infrastructure, so I will speak to the collaboration pattern I know, where a large corporate, a small delivery team and a technology partner have to ship one thing together. The dynamics map closely onto smart infrastructure.
The projects that worked shared one trait: a single definition of success that every stakeholder signed up to before anyone built anything. The usual key players are the sponsor who owns the budget and carries the political risk, the build team who own execution and pace, the technology or data partner whose kit the whole thing depends on, and the operator or end user whose adoption quietly decides whether it was worth doing. Each of those measures success differently, and collaboration falls apart when nobody reconciles those definitions early.
What fostered real collaboration, rather than a stack of contracts, was naming one accountable owner across the parties instead of a steering committee, and meeting on a fixed weekly rhythm where blockers were surfaced in the open. On the builds run that way, we cut time-to-decision by roughly 50% against the committee-led ones, because someone could say yes.
The lesson that carries to smart infrastructure is that the technology is rarely the hard part. Aligning people who answer to different masters around one shared outcome is the work, and it needs an owner, not a committee.

Digital Deal Flow Rallies Real Estate Players
Dane Maxwell, founder of Paperless Pipeline. We are not building smart-city physical infrastructure, but we ran a closely parallel “smart infrastructure” rollout in real estate transactions across 1,700+ brokerages. The coordination challenge maps cleanly.
The example. The smart-infrastructure rollout we helped coordinate was the move from paper-based real estate transaction recording to digital transaction infrastructure across a multi-county region of Texas, between 2021 and 2024. The “smart” element was the integration of digital signatures, automated milestone tracking, and inter-system data flow between the brokerage transaction platform, the title company database, the lender system, and the county recorder. The stakeholder coordination is what made it work.
The key players. Five stakeholders had to agree on a shared standard.
One, the brokerage owners. Their pain point was paper-based admin workload and slow commission disbursement. They were the early adopters who provided the demand pull.
Two, the title companies. Their pain point was the document-rework cycle on every transaction. They needed assurance that the digital infrastructure would not increase their compliance burden.
Three, the local lenders. Their pain point was the multiple-system data re-entry and the wire-fraud exposure. They wanted standardised digital handoff.
Four, the county recorders. Their pain point was the manual processing of mailed-in documents. They were the slowest stakeholder to come on board, because the regulatory and budget constraints on government offices make adoption deliberate.
Five, the local real estate associations. They provided the political coordination layer and the training infrastructure to get the brokerages and agents fluent in the new tools.
How the collaboration worked. A monthly working group across the five stakeholders, with a rotating chair, an explicit shared scorecard (transaction cycle time, error rate, dollar value of fraud prevented), and a written decision memo from every meeting. The infrastructure itself mattered less than the coordination ritual.
The principle. Smart infrastructure success is about whether the stakeholder coordination layer was actually built. The technology is rarely the bottleneck. The shared scorecard and the monthly rhythm are.

Nighttime Safety Brief Binds Design and Community
A fresh example was an urban infill development where transport access was linked with public realm safety and nighttime usability. The project team combined pedestrian movement patterns, shared entry points and site visibility into one coordinated brief. That approach forced meaningful collaboration between design, construction and community stakeholders because each decision affected how the space would feel and function after dark.
I think the unusual strength of that project was treating safety perception as measurable infrastructure value. Key players were the developer, urban designer, architect, electrical contractor, automation consultant, local council, community representatives and facilities management team.

Unified Benefits View Bridges Employer and Carrier
One clear example was a project with a mid-sized employer where we established a data-driven benefits review process using their HRIS, enrollment data, and claims reporting. Key players included the employer’s leadership and HR team, my consulting team at JS Benefits Group, and the stop-loss carrier we engaged for the level-funded arrangement. We analyzed the integrated data, modeled actual claims performance, and recommended moderate plan design adjustments before transitioning to a level-funded structure with appropriate stop-loss. Those steps created ongoing collaboration through quarterly claims reviews and aligned incentives, moving stakeholders from reactive annual shopping to coordinated, data-driven planning.
Park Portal Links Cities, Operators, and Users
Smart infrastructure isn’t my technical specialty, but collaboration between stakeholders with very different priorities? That’s the heart of what we do every day at Doggie Park Near Me, and the lessons translate directly.
Here’s a real example from our world. When we build out park listings, we’re coordinating three groups who rarely talk to each other: city parks departments who own the land, park owners or managers who run the day-to-day, and the dog owners who actually use the space. Through our “Claim Your Park” service, we created a bridge between those players. A park owner claims their listing, updates real details like fencing, water access, and separate areas for big and small dogs, and suddenly the community gets accurate information instead of guesswork. That’s collaboration: the operator brings ground-truth, we bring the platform and reach across all 50 states, and the dog owners bring honest reviews from a real-dog-and-real-human perspective.
The key player that makes it work is trust. None of those groups collaborate unless they believe the information is accurate and the platform is fair. So we lead with transparency. We tell park owners exactly what claiming a listing does and doesn’t do. We tell users when a review reflects one visit versus many. When you’re clear about tradeoffs upfront, people stop guarding their turf and start contributing.
If I were advising a smart infrastructure team, I’d say the technology is the easy part. The hard part is getting a municipality, a private operator, and end users to share data and trust the same source of truth. Start small, pick one concrete thing everyone wants improved, and prove the system makes their lives easier. We did that with park amenities. Once people see accurate fencing and water details helping real dogs play safely, the collaboration sustains itself because everyone wins.

Clinic Team Explains Trade-Offs for Outcomes
Smart infrastructure isn’t our world at RGV Direct Care, we run a family medicine and integrative clinic in Weslaco, but the question about stakeholder collaboration lands close to home. We coordinate care across patients, families, labs, pharmacies, and specialists every week, and the lessons translate cleanly to any infrastructure project.
The clearest example I can share is how we built our chronic disease management workflow for patients living with diabetes and hypertension here in the Rio Grande Valley. The “key players” looked a lot like a smart infrastructure rollout: Dr. Fausto M. Escobedo as the clinical lead setting the standard of care, our front-desk and intake staff acting as the data layer, outside lab partners feeding results back in, local pharmacies closing the loop on adherence, and, most importantly, patients and their family members as the end users whose buy-in determined whether anything actually worked.
What made it collaborative wasn’t the tools; it was how we explained tradeoffs. When a patient had to choose between a medication adjustment and a lifestyle-first approach, we walked through the cost, the timeline, and the realistic outcomes in plain language. That same discipline is what any smart infrastructure project needs: stakeholders won’t align around a dashboard, they align around a shared understanding of what’s being traded.
We also prioritized ruthlessly. With limited appointment slots and a community that needs both preventive screenings and acute care, we had to decide what got built first. We let patient outcomes drive the queue, not internal preference.
My honest advice to anyone leading a smart infrastructure effort: name every stakeholder out loud, including the quiet ones, and build trust through repeated, clear communication before you build anything technical. The integration always fails at the human layer first.

Barcelona Partners Early to Forge Trust
Barcelona’s smart city initiative has been propelled by collaborative partnerships with numerous stakeholders including telecoms, utility providers, transport authorities, ICT suppliers, academic institutions and civic entities (non-profit). Each of these third-party partners has played a role in improving citizen mobility, delivering greater quality public services and enhancing infrastructure improvements.
From this experience, we know that smart infrastructure will operate at its greatest level of efficiency when all parties involved (public and private) collaborate before making technology-related project decisions. While the application of sensors & data are certainly important, building trust amongst collaborating stakeholders to support the flow of representative information is vital in achieving a collective outcome through improved cooperation in decision-making.

